Gang of four design patterns pdf download

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All 23 Gang of four Design Patterns implemented in Java. Updated Mar 15, Java. Star 3. A repository that is dedicated to design patterns in Java. Updated Jun 18, Java. Star 2. Python advanced patterns used as prescribed by Gang-Of-Four. Updated Nov 25, Python. Design Patterns. Updated Jan 19, C. Updated Jan 25, C. Star 1. Updated Jan 8, Java. Curated list of design patterns and idioms.

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You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window. However, not all methods that return a new object are Factory methods. So, when do you know the Factory Method is at work? An example is the System.

Convert class which exposes many static methods that, given an instance of a type, returns another new type. For example, Convert.

Likewise the Parse method on many built-in value types Int32, Double, etc are examples of the same pattern. ToBoolean myString In. NET the Factory Method is typically implemented as a static method which creates an instance of a particular type determined at compile time.

This is exactly where Abstract Factory and Factory Method differ: Abstract Factory methods are virtual or abstract and return abstract classes or interfaces. Factory Methods are abstract and return class types. Two static factory method examples are File. Open and Activator.

Prototype Definition Specify the kind of objects to create using a prototypical instance, and create new objects by copying this prototype. Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Prototype pattern in which new Color objects are created by copying pre-existing, user-defined Colors of the same type. The abstract classes have been replaced by interfaces because the abstract classes contain no implementation code.

RGB values range between , therefore the int has been replaced with a smaller byte data type. The colors collection in the ColorManager class is implemented with a type-safe generic Dictionary class. In this implementation the key is of type string i.

ICloneable is a built-in. NET prototype interface. ICloneable requires that the class hierarchy be serializable. Here the Serializable attribute is used to do just that as an aside: if a class has 'event' members then these must be decorated with the NonSerialized attribute.

Alternatively, reflection could have been used to query each member in the ICloneable class. Tip: always be concerned about poor performance when implementing cloning many objects through serialization or reflection. NetOptimized Prototype: when and where use it Like other creational patterns Builder, Abstract Factory, and Factory Method , the Prototype design pattern hides object creation from the client.

However, instead of creating a non-initialized object, it returns a new object that is initialized with values it copied from a prototype - or sample - object. The Prototype design pattern is not commonly used in the construction of business applications. The Prototype design pattern creates clones of pre-existing sample objects. The best way to implement this in.

NET is to use the built-in ICloneable interface on the objects that are used as prototypes. The ICloneable interface has a method called Clone that returns an object that is a copy, or clone, of the original object.

When implementing the Clone functionality you need to be aware of the two different types of cloning: deep copy versus shallow copy. Shallow copy is easier but only copies data fields in the object itself -- not the objects the prototype refers to. Deep copy copies the prototype object and all the objects it refers to. Shallow copy is easy to implement because the Object base class has a MemberwiseClone method that returns a shallow copy of the object.

The copy strategy for deep copy may be more complicated -- some objects are not readily copied such as Threads, Database connections, etc. You also need to watch out for circular references. Prototype in the. NET support for the Prototype pattern can be found in object serialization scenarios. Having this serialized representation as a prototype you can then use it to create copies of the original object. Singleton Definition Ensure a class has only one instance and provide a global point of access to it.

Instance is a class operation. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Singleton pattern which assures only a single instance the singleton of the class can be created. Only a single instance the singleton of the class should ever exist because servers may dynamically come on-line or off-line.

NET optimized code demonstrates the same code as above but uses more modern, built-in. Here an elegant. NET specific solution is offered. The Singleton pattern simply uses a private constructor and a static readonly instance variable that is lazily initialized. Thread safety is guaranteed by the compiler. Server instances are created using object initialization. Server lists are created using collection initialization.

NetOptimized Singleton: when and where use it Most objects in an application are responsible for their own work and operate on selfcontained data and references that are within their given area of concern. However, there are objects that have additional responsibilities and are more global in scope, such as, managing limited resources or monitoring the overall state of the system.

The responsibilities of these objects often require that there be just one instance of the class. Examples include cached database records see TopLink by Oracle , or a scheduling service which regularly emails work-flow items that require attention.

Other areas in the application rely on these special objects and they need a way to find them. This is where the Singleton design pattern comes in.

The intent of the Singleton pattern is to ensure that a class has only one instance and to provide a global point of access to this instance. Using the Singleton pattern you centralize authority over a particular resource in a single object.

Other reasons quoted for using Singletons are to improve performance. A common scenario is when you have a stateless object that is created over and over again. A Singleton removes the need to constantly create and destroy objects.

Be careful though as the Singleton may not be the best solution in this scenario; an alternative would be to make your methods static and this would have the same effect. Global variables are frowned upon as a bad coding practice, but most practitioners acknowledge the need for a few globals. Using Singleton you can hold one or more global variables and this can be really handy. In fact, this is how Singletons are frequently used — they are an ideal place to keep and maintain globally accessible variables.

NET Framework An example where the. NET Framework uses the Singleton pattern is with. NET Remoting when launching server-activated objects. One of the activation modes of server objects is called Singleton and their behavior is in line with the GoF pattern definition, that is, there is never more than one instance at any one time. Adapter Definition Convert the interface of a class into another interface clients expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn't otherwise because of incompatible interfaces.

Adaptee ChemicalDatabank o defines an existing interface that needs adapting. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Adapter pattern which maps the interface of one class onto another so that they can work together.

These incompatible classes may come from different libraries or frameworks. Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the use of a legacy chemical databank. Chemical compound objects access the databank through an Adapter interface.

This will allow the derived class to access these variables via properties rather than directly. Finally, two enumerations Chemical and State were added for increased type safety. NET developers write classes that expose methods that are called by clients.

Most of the time they will be able to control the interfaces, but there are situations, for example, when using 3rd party libraries, where they may not be able to do so.

The 3 rd party library performs the desired services but the interface methods and property names are different from what the client expects. This is a scenario where you would use the Adapter pattern. The Adapter provides an interface the client expects using the services of a class with a different interface. Adapters are commonly used in programming environments where new components or new applications need to be integrated and work together with existing programming components.

Adapters are also useful in refactoring scenarios. Say, you have two classes that perform similar functions but have different interfaces. The client uses both classes, but the code would be far cleaner and simpler to understand if they would share the same interface. You cannot alter the interface, but you can shield the differences by using an Adapter which allows the client to communicate via a common interface.

The Adapter handles the mapping between the shared interface and the original interfaces. Adapter in the. NET Framework The. NET Framework uses the Adapter pattern extensively by providing the ability for. As you know, there are significant differences between COM and. NET expects an Exception to be thrown in case of an error. The Adapter adapts the COM interface to what.

NET clients expect. Bridge Definition Decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently. This interface doesn't have to correspond exactly to Abstraction's interface; in fact the two interfaces can be quite different.

Typically the Implementation interface provides only primitive operations, and Abstraction defines higher-level operations based on these primitives. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Bridge pattern which separates decouples the interface from its implementation. The implementation can evolve without changing clients which use the abstraction of the object.

Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Bridge pattern in which a BusinessObject abstraction is decoupled from the implementation in DataObject.

The DataObject implementations can evolve dynamically without changing any clients. The DataObject abstract class has been replaced by an interface because DataObject contains no implementation code.

NetOptimized Bridge: when and where use it The Bridge pattern is used for decoupling an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently. Bridge is a high-level architectural patterns and its main goal is through abstraction to help. NET developers write better code. A Bridge pattern is created by moving a set of abstract operations to an interface so that both the client and the service can vary independently. The abstraction decouples the client, the interface, and the implementation.

A classic example of the Bridge pattern is when coding against device drivers. A driver is an object that independently operates a computer system or external hardware device.

It is important to realize that the client application is the abstraction. Interestingly enough, each driver instance is an implementation of the Adapter pattern. The overall system, the application together with the drivers, represents an instance of a Bridge. Bridge in the. NET Framework Bridge is a high-level architectural pattern and as such is not exposed by the. NET libraries themselves. Most developers are not aware of this, but they use this pattern all the time.

The ODBC architecture decouples an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently — the Bridge pattern in action. Composite Definition Compose objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Composite lets clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly.

A leaf has no children. Composite CompositeElement o defines behavior for components having children. Client CompositeApp o manipulates objects in the composition through the Component interface. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Composite pattern which allows the creation of a tree structure in which individual nodes are accessed uniformly whether they are leaf nodes or branch composite nodes. Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Composite pattern used in building a graphical tree structure made up of primitive nodes lines, circles, etc and composite nodes groups of drawing elements that make up more complex elements.

The composite pattern is a great candidate for generics and you will find these used throughout this example.

This is an open type which has the ability to accept any type parameter. The class named Shape does implement this generic interface so that comparisons can be made between shape objects. This facilitates the process of adding and removing shapes from the list of tree nodes. This code demonstrates much of the power that generics offer to. NET developers. Numerous interesting language features are used in this example, including generics, automatic properties, and recursion the Display method.

NetOptimized Composite: when and where use it The Composite design pattern is an in-memory data structures with groups of objects, each of which contain individual items or other groups. A tree control is a good example of a Composite pattern. The nodes of the tree either contain an individual object leaf node or a group of objects a subtree of nodes.

All nodes in the Composite pattern share a common interface which supports individual items as well as groups of items. This common interface greatly facilitates the design and construction of recursive algorithms that iterate over each object in the Composite collection. Fundamentally, the Composite pattern is a collection that you use to build trees and directed graphs.

It is used like any other collection, such as, arrays, list, stacks, dictionaries, etc. Composite in the. Examples are the two Control classes one for Windows apps in the System. Forms namespace and the other for ASP. NET apps in the System. UI namespace. The built-in. NET framework. WPF also has many built-in controls that are Composites.

Decorator Definition Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.

Decorator Decorator o maintains a reference to a Component object and defines an interface that conforms to Component's interface. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Decorator pattern which dynamically adds extra functionality to an existing object.

Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Decorator pattern in which 'borrowable' functionality is added to existing library items books and videos. A NET 3. It is polymorphic with the original class so that clients can invoke it just like the original class. In most cases, method calls are delegated to the original class and then the results are acted upon, or decorated, with additional functionality. Decoration is a flexible technique because it takes place at runtime, as opposed to inheritance which take place at compile time.

Decorator in the. NET Framework include a set of classes that are designed around the Stream class. The Stream class is an abstract class that reads or writes a sequence of bytes from an IO device disk, sockets, memory, etc.

The BufferedStream class is a Decorator that wraps the Stream class and reads and writes large chunks of bytes for better performance. Similarly, the CryptoStream class wraps a Stream and encrypts and decrypts a stream of bytes on the fly. Decorator classes usually have a constructor with an argument that represents the class they intent to decorate: for example: new BufferedStream Stream stream.

As an aside, the new. Similarly, attached properties and attached events which are used in WPF, also allow extending classes dynamically without changing the classes themselves. Facade Definition Provide a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem. Subsystem classes Bank, Credit, Loan o implement subsystem functionality. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Facade pattern which provides a simplified and uniform interface to a large subsystem of classes.

Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Facade pattern as a MortgageApplication object which provides a simplified interface to a large subsystem of classes measuring the creditworthiness of an applicant. NET optimized sample code This code is essentially the same as the real-world example. The only difference is the use of. In fact, its use will only increase with the shift towards Web Services and Service Oriented Architectures.

In a 3-tier application the presentation layer is the client. Calls into the business layer take place via a well defined service layer. Facades themselves are often implemented as singleton abstract factories.

Facade in the. NET Framework In the. It is used in scenarios where there is a need to present a simplified view over more complex set of types. To discuss this properly we need to distinguish high-level architectural Facades from lower level component type facades. An example of an aggregate component is System. Complex operations, including opening and closing read-and-write handles are totally hidden from the client.

SmtpMail to send mail messages, System. SerialPort which is a powerful serial port class, System. MessageQueue which provides access to a queue on a Message Queue server, and System.

WebClient which provides a high-level interface for sending and retrieving data from a network resources identified by a general URI. NET Framework libraries are no exception. The objective of the. NET developer can see. Flyweigth Definition Use sharing to support large numbers of fine-grained objects efficiently. A ConcreteFlyweight object must be sharable.

Any state it stores must be intrinsic, that is, it must be independent of the ConcreteFlyweight object's context. The Flyweight interface enables sharing, but it doesn't enforce it. It is common for UnsharedConcreteFlyweight objects to have ConcreteFlyweight objects as children at some level in the flyweight object structure as the Row and Column classes have. When a client requests a flyweight, the FlyweightFactory objects supplies an existing instance or creates one, if none exists.

Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Flyweight pattern in which a relatively small number of objects is shared many times by different clients. Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Flyweight pattern in which a relatively small number of Character objects is shared many times by a document that has potentially many characters.

However, it is valuable as a memory management technique when many objects are created with similar state. NET uses Flyweights for strings that are declared at compile time and have the same sequence of characters.

The stateless flyweights refer to the same memory location that holds the immutable string. Flyweights are usually combined with the Factory pattern as demonstrated in the. NET Optimized code sample. NET optimized code uses a generic Dictionary collection to hold and quickly access Flyweight Character objects in memory. The generic collection increases the type-safety of the code. NetOptimized Flyweight: when and where use it The intent of the Flyweight design pattern is to share large numbers of fine-grained objects efficiently.

Shared flyweight objects are immutable, that is, they cannot be changed as they represent the characteristics that are shared with other objects. Examples include, characters and line-styles in a word processor or digit receivers in a public switched telephone network application. You will find flyweights mostly in utility type applications word processors, graphics programs, network apps. They are rarely used in data-driven business type applications.

Flyweight in the. NET Framework as a string management technique to minimize memory usage for immutable strings. Proxy Definition Provide a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it. Proxy may refer to a Subject if the RealSubject and Subject interfaces are the same.

For example, the ImageProxy from the Motivation caches the real images's extent. Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Proxy pattern which provides a representative object proxy that controls access to another similar object.

Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Proxy pattern for a Math object represented by a MathProxy object. This code demonstrates the Remote Proxy pattern which provides a representative object i. In fact, the 'math' member variable in the MathProxy object is the 'hidden'. NetOptimized Proxy: when and where use it In object-oriented languages objects do the work they advertise through their public interface.

Clients of these objects expect this work to be done quickly and efficiently. However, there are situations where an object is severely constrained and cannot live up to its responsibility. Typically this occurs when there is a dependency on a remote resource a call to another computer for example or when an object takes a long time to load.

The Proxy forwards the request to a target object. The interface of the Proxy object is the same as the original object and clients may not even be aware they are dealing with a proxy rather than the real object. The proxy pattern is meant to provide a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it.

Actually, there is another type, called Smart References. A Smart Reference is a proxy for a pointer, but since there are few uses for pointers in.

NET Framework In. NET the Proxy pattern manifests itself in the Remoting infrastructure. NET Remoting, whenever an object requires access to an object in a different address space app domain, process, or machine a proxy is created that sends the request to the remote object and any data it needs.

As is common with proxies, the client is frequently not even aware that a proxy is at work. Clients of WCF services also rely heavily on auto-generated proxy objects. Chain or Responsibility Definition Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.

Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Chain of Responsibility pattern in which several linked managers and executives can respond to a purchase request or hand it off to a superior. Each position has can have its own set of rules which orders they can approve. The Successor settings are simplified by using properties. Furthermore, this example uses an event driven model with events, delegates, and custom event arguments. The delegates are implemented using generics in which event handlers are type safe and not restricted to senders of type object but rather to types that are appropriate for the event — in the sample code type Approver see, for example, the first argument in the DirectorRequest event handler.

The Purchase and other classes use. The chain of responsibility pattern is frequently used in the Windows event model in which a UI control can either handle an event for example a mouse click or let it fall through to the next control in the event chain.

NetOptimized Chain of Responsibility: when and where use it An important goal of object-oriented design is to keep objects loosely coupled by limiting their dependencies and keeping the relationships between objects specific and minimal. Loosely coupled objects have the advantage that they are easier to maintain and easier to change compared to systems where there is tight coupling between objects i. The Chain of Responsibility design pattern offers an opportunity to build a collection of loosely coupled objects by relieving a client from having to know which objects in a collection can satisfy a request by arranging these objects in a chain.

This pattern requires a way to order the search for an object that can handle the request. This search is usually modeled according to the specific needs of the application domain.

Note that Chain-of-Responsibility is not commonly used in business application development. Chain of Responsibility in the. NET you can identify a Chain of Responsibility in the Windows event model where each UI control can decide to process an event or let it fall through to the next control in the event chain.

Occasionally you may run into a Chain of Responsibility implementation in which a chain of objects process a message between a sender and a receiver, in which each object does some processing on the message as it travels through the chain from the sender to the receiver. This is slightly different from the GoF definition in which just one object in a chain decides to handle the request. NET Remoting in which a message between a client and a server passes through one or more so-called message sinks.

Message sinks form a chain as each sink has a reference to the next sink in the chain. Command Definition Encapsulate a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations.

Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Command pattern which stores requests as objects allowing clients to execute or playback the requests. Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Command pattern used in a simple calculator with unlimited number of undo's and redo's. Note that in C the word 'operator' is a keyword. Prefixing it with ' ' allows using it as an identifier.

In this example the abstract Command class has been replaced by the ICommand interface because the abstract class had no implementation code at all.

The classic usage of this pattern is a menu system where each command object represents an action and an associated undo action. Menu actions include menu items such as File Open, File Save, Edit Copy, etc each of which gets mapped to its own command object.

All Commands implement the same interface, so they can be handled polymorphically. Typically their interface includes methods such as Do and Undo or Execute and Undo. Areas where you find Command patterns are: menu command systems and in applications that require undo functionality word processors, and sometimes in business applications that need database undo functionality.

Command in the. NET, use the Command pattern to support their menus, toolbars, shortcuts, and associated undo functionality. We would have expected that the Command pattern would be exposed in.

NET as part of a unified WinForms command routing architecture, but they are not. So, until recently the Command patterns was not generally used in the. Interpreter Definition Given a language, define a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret sentences in the language..

Rn in the grammar o maintains instance variables of type AbstractExpression for each of the symbols R1 through Rn. Interpret typically calls itself recursively on the variables representing R1 through Rn. The abstract syntax tree is assembled from instances of the NonterminalExpression and TerminalExpression classes o invokes the Interpret operation Structural sample code The structural code demonstrates the Interpreter patterns, which using a defined grammer, provides the interpreter that processes parsed statements Code in project: DoFactory.

Structural Real-world sample code The real-world code demonstrates the Interpreter pattern which is used to convert a Roman numeral to a decimal.

Here the abstract classes have been replaced by interfaces because the abstract classes have no implementation code.

In addition, the parse tree which holds the collection of expressions ThousandExpression, HundredExpression, etc is implemented as a generic List of type Expression. NetOptimized Interpreter: when and where use it If your applications are complex and require advanced configuration you could offer a scripting language which allows the end-user to manipulate your application through simple scripting. The Interpreter design pattern solves this particular problem — that of creating a scripting language that allows the end user to customize their solution.

The truth is that if you really need this type of control it is probably easier and faster to use an existing command interpreter or expression evaluator tool out of the box. NET Dynamic Languages. Certain types of problems lend themselves to be characterized by a language. This language describes the problem domain which should be well-understood and welldefined.

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